Phase noise characterization of sub-hertz linewidth lasers via digital cross correlation

Phase noise or frequency noise is a key metrics to evaluate the short term stability of a laser. This property is of a great interest for the applications but delicate to characterize, especially for narrow line-width lasers. In this letter, we demonstrate a digital cross correlation scheme to characterize the absolute phase noise of sub-hertz line-width lasers. Three 1,542 nm ultra-stable lasers are used in this approach. For each measurement two lasers act as references to characterize a third one. Phase noise power spectral density from 0.5 Hz to 0.8 MHz Fourier frequencies can be derived for each laser by a mere change in the configuration of the lasers. This is the first time showing the phase noise of sub-hertz line-width lasers with no reference limitation. We also present an analysis of the laser phase noise performance.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Nanophotonic soliton-based microwave synthesizers

Microwave photonic technologies, which upshift the carrier into the optical domain to facilitate the generation and processing of ultrawide-band electronic signals at vastly reduced fractional bandwidths, have the potential to achieve superior performance compared to conventional electronics for targeted functions. For microwave photonic applications such as filters, coherent radars, subnoise detection, optical communications and low-noise microwave generation, frequency combs are key building blocks. By virtue of soliton microcombs, frequency combs can now be built using CMOS compatible photonic integrated circuits, operated with low power and noise, and have already been employed in system-level demonstrations. Yet, currently developed photonic integrated microcombs all operate with repetition rates significantly beyond those that conventional electronics can detect and process, compounding their use in microwave photonics. Here we demonstrate integrated soliton microcombs operating in two widely employed microwave bands, X- and K-band. These devices can produce more than 300 comb lines within the 3-dB-bandwidth, and generate microwave signals featuring phase noise levels below 105 dBc/Hz (140 dBc/Hz) at 10 kHz (1 MHz) offset frequency, comparable to modern electronic microwave synthesizers. In addition, the soliton pulse stream can be injection-locked to a microwave signal, enabling actuator-free repetition rate stabilization, tuning and microwave spectral purification, at power levels compatible with silicon-based lasers (<150 mW). Our results establish photonic integrated soliton microcombs as viable integrated low-noise microwave synthesizers. Further, the low repetition rates are critical for future dense WDM channel generation schemes, and can significantly reduce the system complexity of photonic integrated frequency synthesizers and atomic clocks

Running of Radiative Neutrino Masses: The Scotogenic Model

We study the renormalization group equations of Ma's scotogenic model, which generates an active neutrino mass at 1-loop level. In addition to other benefits, the main advantage of the mechanism exploited in this model is to lead to a natural loop-suppression of the neutrino mass, and therefore to an explanation for its smallness. However, since the structure of the neutrino mass matrix is altered compared to the ordinary type I seesaw case, the corresponding running is altered as well. We have derived the full set of renormalization group equations for the scotogenic model which, to our knowledge, had not been presented previously in the literature. This set of equations reflects some interesting structural properties of the model, and it is an illustrative example for how the running of neutrino parameters in radiative models is modified compared to models with tree-level mass generation. We also study a simplified numerical example to illustrate some general tendencies of the running. Interestingly, the structure of the RGEs can be exploited such that a bimaximal leptonic mixing pattern at the high-energy scale is translated into a valid mixing pattern at low energies, featuring a large value of \theta_{13}. This suggests very interesting connections to flavour symmetries.Comment: 35 pages, 10 figures, 2 table

Optical frequency comb based ultralow phase noise photonic microwave generation

Les meilleurs oscillateurs dans le domaine micro-onde sont souvent des systèmes encombrants ou requérant une maintenance fastidieuse ce qui freine leur utilisation pour des applications mobiles ou dans des environnements aux conditions difficiles. L'avènement des peignes de fréquences optiques, récompensés par un prix Nobel en 2005, a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives en permettant un transfert des qualités inégalées des sources optiques vers le domaine micro-onde. Dans la technique utilisée au LNE-SYRTE, la division de fréquence optique, un signal micro-onde peut être extrait d'un laser ultra-stable dans l'infrarouge proche par photodétection, ce qui s'accompagne d'une réduction du bruit égale au carré du rapport des fréquences initiale et finale, soit plus de 8 ordres de grandeurs. Ce bénéfice est cependant réduit par différents processus collatéraux qui augmentent le niveau de bruit final. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse est la génération et la caractérisation du signal micro-onde le plus pur généré jusqu'à présent. Les différents processus introduisant un excès de bruit lors de la conversion opto-éléctronique sont étudiés et en partie surmontés. En particulier la conversion du bruit d'amplitude du laser femtoseconde vers la porteuse micro-onde est analysée en détail et son effet grandement réduit. Les résultats obtenus laissent penser que les techniques optiques de génération de micro-ondes vont bouleverser l'état de l'art. Les niveaux de pureté atteints et les techniques développées peuvent bénéficier un vaste éventail de domaines comme les radars mobiles, la métrologie temps-fréquence ou les prochaines générations de télécommunications à ultra-haut débit.State-of-the-art microwave oscillators are typically bulky systems requiring tedious maintenance which is hindering their use in mobile applications or in demanding environments. The invention of the optical frequency combs, which was awarded a Nobel prize in 2005, was a game-changer as it enabled a high-fidelity transfer of the unrivalled properties of optical oscillators to the microwave domain. In the technique used at SYRTE, the optical frequency division, a microwave signal can be extracted from a near-infrared ultra-stable laser using photodetection. The transfer is accompanied by a reduction of phase noise equal to the microwave-to-optical frequency ratio squared, i.e. more than eight order of magnitudes. This benefit is however reduced by several processes producing excess noise during the transfer. The work described in this thesis is the generation of the lowest phase noise microwave signal ever reported. The different processes inducing excess noise are analyzed and, in part, overcome. Specifically, the conversion of the femtosecond laser intensity noise to the microwave phase noise is studied thoroughly and its effect significantly reduced. The results augur that the optical approaches in microwave generation are on the verge to disrupt the state-of-the-art. The noise levels demonstrated and the techniques developed can benefit a large range of applications such as mobile radars, time and frequency metrology or the next generation of ultrafast telecommunication networks

Génération photonique de signaux micro-ondes très bas bruit de phase par peignes de fréquences optiques

State-of-the-art microwave oscillators are typically bulky systems requiring tedious maintenance which is hindering their use in mobile applications or in demanding environments. The invention of the optical frequency combs, which was awarded a Nobel prize in 2005, was a game-changer as it enabled a high-fidelity transfer of the unrivalled properties of optical oscillators to the microwave domain. In the technique used at SYRTE, the optical frequency division, a microwave signal can be extracted from a near-infrared ultra-stable laser using photodetection. The transfer is accompanied by a reduction of phase noise equal to the microwave-to-optical frequency ratio squared, i.e. more than eight order of magnitudes. This benefit is however reduced by several processes producing excess noise during the transfer. The work described in this thesis is the generation of the lowest phase noise microwave signal ever reported. The different processes inducing excess noise are analyzed and, in part, overcome. Specifically, the conversion of the femtosecond laser intensity noise to the microwave phase noise is studied thoroughly and its effect significantly reduced. The results augur that the optical approaches in microwave generation are on the verge to disrupt the state-of-the-art. The noise levels demonstrated and the techniques developed can benefit a large range of applications such as mobile radars, time and frequency metrology or the next generation of ultrafast telecommunication networks.Les meilleurs oscillateurs dans le domaine micro-onde sont souvent des systèmes encombrants ou requérant une maintenance fastidieuse ce qui freine leur utilisation pour des applications mobiles ou dans des environnements aux conditions difficiles. L'avènement des peignes de fréquences optiques, récompensés par un prix Nobel en 2005, a ouvert de nouvelles perspectives en permettant un transfert des qualités inégalées des sources optiques vers le domaine micro-onde. Dans la technique utilisée au LNE-SYRTE, la division de fréquence optique, un signal micro-onde peut être extrait d'un laser ultra-stable dans l'infrarouge proche par photodétection, ce qui s'accompagne d'une réduction du bruit égale au carré du rapport des fréquences initiale et finale, soit plus de 8 ordres de grandeurs. Ce bénéfice est cependant réduit par différents processus collatéraux qui augmentent le niveau de bruit final. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse est la génération et la caractérisation du signal micro-onde le plus pur généré jusqu'à présent. Les différents processus introduisant un excès de bruit lors de la conversion opto-éléctronique sont étudiés et en partie surmontés. En particulier la conversion du bruit d'amplitude du laser femtoseconde vers la porteuse micro-onde est analysée en détail et son effet grandement réduit. Les résultats obtenus laissent penser que les techniques optiques de génération de micro-ondes vont bouleverser l'état de l'art. Les niveaux de pureté atteints et les techniques développées peuvent bénéficier un vaste éventail de domaines comme les radars mobiles, la métrologie temps-fréquence ou les prochaines générations de télécommunications à ultra-haut débit

Multistability-Enabled Complex Soliton Dynamics in a Bichromatically Driven Optical Microresonator

We enter a bichromatically-pumped multistability regime in a microresonator to observe the emergence of complex dynamics of dissipative Kerr soliton interactions, including short-range soliton binding and periodic soliton collision. (C) 2020 The Author(s

Formation and Collision of Multistability-Enabled Composite Dissipative Kerr Solitons

Multistability in Kerr resonators which are driven by continuous or modulated optical waves gives rise to the superposition of distinct nonlinear states, yielding a unique platform for studying complex soliton dynamics. Here, by pumping a crystalline microresonator with two lasers that are frequency detuned from each other by one or multiple cavity free spectral ranges, we go beyond the traditional bichromatic pumping framework and enter an unexplored multistability regime that allows observing novel dynamics including composite solitons and successive soliton collisions. We generate complex frequency comb patterns, observing the velocity mismatch between the solitons and the dual-pumping-induced lattice traps and showing the synchronization of the repetition rates of constituent distinct solitons under the influence of index-barrier-induced intersoliton repulsion. We also demonstrate soliton collisions and observe transient soliton response with spectral analysis and ultrafast imaging, highlighting the eigenfrequency of dissipative soliton dynamics that coincides the "soliton (S) resonance." Furthermore, we exploit the higher-order dispersion effect to manipulate the intrinsic group velocity mismatch between distinct solitons and demonstrate reversible switching between the composite soliton state and the soliton collisional state. Our findings bring to light the rich physics of the Kerr multistability and may equally be useful in microcomb-based spectroscopy and metrology